Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix,
where they interact with a plethora of ligands. Over the last decade, new insights have …

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans reside on the plasma membrane of all animal cells studied
so far and are a major component of extracellular matrices. Studies of model organisms and …

Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have long been accepted to
have pivotal roles in neural development and regeneration. Recent data also support the …

Carbohydrate-carrying molecules in the nervous system have important roles during
development, regeneration and synaptic plasticity. Carbohydrates mediate interactions …

Cell-associated proteoglycans provide highly complex and sophisticated systems to control
interactions of extracellular cell matrix components and soluble ligands with the cell surface …

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that cover the surface of dendrites and bear the
postsynaptic component of excitatory synapses. Having an enlarged head connected to the …

Summary The R-Spondin (Rspo) family of secreted Wnt modulators is involved in
development and disease and holds therapeutic promise as stem cell growth factors …

Syndecan-3 and syndecan-4 function as coreceptors for tyrosine kinases and in cell
adhesion. Syndecan-3-/-mice exhibit a novel form of muscular dystrophy characterized by …

Rats learning the Morris water maze exhibit hippocampal changes in synaptic morphology
and physiology that manifest as altered synaptic efficacy. Learning requires structural …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a mysterious lethal multisystem neurodegenerative
disease that gradually leads to the progressive loss of motor neurons. A recent non-contact …