Bone regeneration repairs bone tissue lost due to trauma, fractures, and tumors, or absent
due to congenital disorders. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate dynamic bio …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease in the elderly. Although OA has been
considered as primarily a disease of the articular cartilage, the participation of subchondral …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, systemic, inflammatory disorder that
affects synovial joints, both small and large joints, in a symmetric pattern. This disorder …

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes which considered as important
enzymes and their higher expression is associated with some malignant progression. In the …

Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance
between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these …

Regeneration is a complex process affected by many elements independent or combined,
including inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Stem cells is a class of primitive …

Bone tissue engineering is becoming an ideal strategy to replace autologous bone grafts for
surgical bone repair, but the multihierarchical complexity of natural bone is still difficult to …

Osteoclasts actively remodel both the mineral and proteinaceous components of bone
during normal growth and development as well as pathologic states ranging from …

Hypertrophic chondrocytes are the master regulators of endochondral ossification; however,
their ultimate cell fates cells remain largely elusive due to their transient nature. Historically …

The inorganic part of human bone is mainly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAP: Ca 10 (PO 4)
6 (OH) 2) and whitlockite (WH: Ca 18 Mg 2 (HPO 4) 2 (PO 4) 12) minerals, where the WH …