Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the slee**
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a peculiar neural state that occupies 20–25% of
nighttime sleep in healthy human adults and seems to play critical roles in a variety of …

Although numerous survey studies have reported connections between sleep and cognitive
function, there remains a lack of quantitative data using objective measures to directly …

Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the
retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and …

Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic
system; it specifically binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and is degraded by …

Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired
information in memory, depending on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of …

Until recently, the electrophysiological mechanisms involved in strengthening new
memories into a more permanent form during sleep have been largely unknown. The sleep …

For the past two decades, it has generally been accepted that sleep benefits motor memory
consolidation processes. This notion, however, has been challenged by recent studies and …

Sleep benefits memory consolidation. Previous theoretical accounts have proposed a
differential role of slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and stage N2 …

Sleep benefits memory consolidation. The reviewed studies indicate that this consolidating
effect is not revealed under all circumstances but is linked to specific psychological …