Opioids are a mainstay of acute pain management but can have many adverse effects,
contributing to problematic long-term use. Opioid tolerance (increased dose needed for …

Dopamine D2-autoreceptors play a key role in regulating the activity of dopamine neurons
and control the synthesis, release and uptake of dopamine. These G i/o-coupled inhibitory …

Abstract The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel
expressed predominantly by sensory neurons. VR1 responds to noxious stimuli including …

This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain
mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference …

Dr. Jacqueline N. Crawley, author of the First and Second Editions of What's Wrong with My
Mouse? Behavioral Phenoty** of Transgenic and Knockout Mice, continues to field calls …

The involvement of dopamine in drug reinforcement is well recognized but its role in drug
addiction is much less clear. Imaging studies have shown that the reinforcing effects of drugs …

Dopamine (DA) is the most abundant catecholamine in the brain. The involvement and
importance of DA as a neurotransmitter in the regulation of different physiological functions …

Signalling through dopamine D2 receptors governs physiological functions related to
locomotion, hormone production and drug abuse,,,,,,. D2 receptors are also known targets of …

Drug addiction results from adaptations in specific brain neurons caused by repeated
exposure to a drug of abuse. These adaptations combine to produce the complex behaviors …

▪ Abstract G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be the most highly
favorable class of drug targets in modern pharmacology. Over 90% of nonsensory GPCRs …