The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen linked to various diseases,
including infectious mononucleosis and multiple types of cancer. To control and eliminate …

A prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1 is badly needed. Despite 20 years of effort, it is still a long
way off. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding the problem. The …

Background context Treadmill training after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has become an
established therapy to improve walking capabilities. The hybrid assistive limb (HAL) …

HBV-specific CD8+ T cells are critical for a successful immune response to HBV infection.
They are markedly diminished in number in patients who fail to control the virus, but the …

There is strong evidence at the individual level and the population level that an efficient
cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to HTLV-1 limits the proviral load and the risk of …

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is one of the most intriguing retroviruses
infecting humans. Most commonly, infection remains undetected, since it does not cause …

The clinical entity of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was established around 1977, and human T-
cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) was subsequently identified in 1980. In the 25 years …

CD8+ T cells can exert both protective and harmful effects on the virus-infected host.
However, there is no systematic method to identify the attributes of a protective CD8+ T cell …

The CTL response plays a central part in deciding the outcome of viral infections. Evidence
from host and viral genetics, gene expression microarrays and assays of T‐cell phenotype …

Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in
humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human …