Since the early 2000s, studies of the evolution of venom within animals have rapidly
expanded, offering new revelations on the origins and development of venom within various …

Fish venom has several biological activities, including enzyme activity, cytotoxicity,
neurotoxicity, muscular toxicity, haemolytic, and cardiotoxicity, when they enter other species …

While the unique symbiotic relationship between anemonefishes and sea anemones is
iconic, it is still not fully understood how anemonefishes can withstand and thrive within the …

Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic flatworm that causes the major neglected tropical
disease schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first larval stage of the life cycle. It swims and …

Venom is a remarkable innovation found across the animal kingdom, yet the evolutionary
origins of venom systems in various groups, including spiders, remain enigmatic. Here, we …

Background Evolution of novelty is a central theme in evolutionary biology, yet studying the
origins of traits with an apparently discontinuous origin remains a major challenge. Venom …

A surprising insight from the advent of genomic sequencing was that many genes are deeply
conserved during evolution. With a particular focus on genes that interact with light in …

Ribbon worms are active predators that use an eversible proboscis to inject venom into their
prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal secretions. Previous work on nemertean …

Background The rapid development of sequencing technologies resulted in a wide
expansion of genomics studies using venomous lineages. This facilitated research focusing …

Predatory bugs employ a salivary venom apparatus to generate complex venoms for
capturing and digesting prey. The venom apparatus consists of different glands for the …