Biological pest control is becoming increasingly important for sustainable agriculture.
Although many species of natural enemies are already being used commercially, efficient …

Background Soil microarthropods influence many soil processes that support plant growth
and development. Scope In this paper we review the current understanding of direct …

Urbanization-induced environmental changes such as habitat fragmentation impact
arthropod assemblages and food web-related ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling …

Species delimitation remains a significant challenge when the diagnostic morphological
characters are limited. Integrative taxonomy was applied to the genus Protaphorura …

Springtails (Hexapoda: Entognatha: Collembola) extend into at least the Early Devonian, but
have a meagre record as fossils until the latter part of the Mesozoic. Here, we document a …

Although standard testing guidelines use a species as a representative surrogate, species-
specific sensitivity is well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate the species …

Vegetable and strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) pest management
involves intensive use of insecticides. Recently, pyrethroid insecticide residues toxic to …

Abstract Protaphorura fimata Gisin (Poduromorpha: Onychiuridae) is a serious pest of
lettuce [Lactuca sativa L.(Asteraceae)] in the Salinas Valley of California. Because P. fimata …

Soilless culture is a technique for crop production without soil. Crops are grown in the
nutrient solution or on a proper medium, therefore, soilless culture involves no work such …

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of aeration on preventing the root
problems by comparing the hydroponic system with aeration to the aeroponic system. The …