Bacterial pathogens as causative agents of infection constitute an alarming concern in the
public health sector. In particular, bacteria with resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents …

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli poses a significant threat to
public health worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive update on the diverse …

Efflux pumps are widely implicated in antibiotic resistance because they can extrude the
majority of clinically relevant antibiotics from within cells to the extracellular environment …

Salmonella poses a serious threat to public health and socioeconomic development
worldwide because of its foodborne pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. This biofilm …

Efflux proteins are transporter molecules that actively pump out a variety of substrates,
including antibiotics, from cells to the environment. They are found in both Gram-positive …

Pathogens that infect the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are subjected to intense
pressure due to the environmental conditions of the surroundings. This pressure has led to …

Food-borne pathogens are a serious human health concern worldwide, and the emergence
of antibiotic-resistant food pathogens has further confounded this problem. Once-highly …

Efflux is a natural process found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that removes a
diverse range of substrates from inside to outside. Many antibiotics are substrates of …

While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial
agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained …

An increased number of research articles in terms of infectious disease and multidrug
resistance challenges reveals that antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious health issue …