Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Persisters refer to genetically drug susceptible quiescent (non-growing or slow growing)
bacteria that survive in stress environments such as antibiotic exposure, acidic and …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and persistence are associated with an elevated risk of
treatment failure and relapsing infections. They are thus important drivers of increased …

Many bacteria can infect and persist inside their hosts for long periods of time. This can be
due to immunosuppression of the host, immune evasion by the pathogen and/or ineffective …

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are abundant genetic elements that encode a toxin
protein capable of inhibiting cell growth and an antitoxin that counteracts the toxin. The …

BACKGROUND The escalating crisis of multidrug resistance is raising fears of untreatable
infections caused by bacterial “superbugs.” However, many patients already suffer from …

All cellular membranes have the functionality of generating and maintaining the gradients of
electrical and electrochemical potentials. Such potentials were generally thought to be an …

Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically
slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses …

Persisters represent a small subpopulation of non-or slow-growing bacterial cells that are
tolerant to killing by antibiotics. Despite their prominent role in the recalcitrance of chronic …

Persisters are a subpopulation of antibiotic-tolerant cells responsible for the recalcitrance of
chronic infections. Our current understanding of persister formation is primarily based on …