Bone-tissue defects affect millions of people worldwide. Despite being common treatment
approaches, autologous and allogeneic bone grafting have not achieved the ideal …

Cellular associations in the bone microenvironment are involved in modulating the balance
between bone remodeling and resorption, which is necessary for maintaining a normal bone …

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is currently the only Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)-approved osteoinductive growth factor used as a bone graft substitute. However, with …

The major Food and Drug Association–approved osteoinductive factors in wide clinical use
are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Although BMPs can promote robust bone …

Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of …

The past decade has seen an explosion in the field of bone biology. The area of bone
biology over this period of time has been marked by a number of key discoveries that have …

TGF-β1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation,
migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse …

Bone is continuously destroyed and reformed to maintain constant bone volume and
calcium homeostasis in vertebrates throughout their lives. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are …

The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones …

Under most conditions, resorbed bone is nearly precisely replaced in location and amount
by new bone. Thus, it has long been recognized that bone loss through osteoclast-mediated …