Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted
pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative …

Stress affects a constellation of physiological systems in the body and evokes a rapid shift in
many neurobehavioral processes. A growing body of work indicates that the …

Background Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of compounds
developed to probe the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutics …

The psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated in
the mid-1960s, but the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and the major endogenous …

The endocannabinoids are a family of lipid messengers that engage the cell surface
receptors that are targeted by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active principle in marijuana …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …

Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key
regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the …

The last decades have seen a major gain in understanding the action of cannabinoids and
the endocannabinoid system in reward processing and the development of addictive …

Extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses a previously conditioned response.
Both fear and drug seeking are conditioned responses that can lead to maladaptive …

Neurophysiologic processes underlie the uncontrolled, compulsive behaviors defining the
addicted state. These “hard-wired” changes in the brain are considered critical for the …