The Drosophila mushroom body exhibits dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity that
underlies the acquisition of associative memories. Recordings of dopamine neurons in this …

Optogenetics has revolutionized the field of neuroscience. Within the last decades the
development and use of optogenetics gained enormous importance for the identification of …

Highlights•Anatomical map of a sensorimotor pathway guiding chemotaxis in the Drosophila
larva.•Single olfactory sensory neurons measure behaviorally relevant odor …

To adapt to their environments, animals learn associations between sensory stimuli and
unconditioned stimuli. In invertebrates, olfactory associative learning primarily occurs in the …

Molecular profiles of neurons influence information processing, but bridging the gap
between genes, circuits, and behavior has been very difficult. Furthermore, the behavioral …

To study neural circuits underlying decisions, the model organism used for that purpose has
to be simple enough to be able to dissect the circuitry neuron by neuron across the nervous …

Amino acids are important nutrients for animals because they are necessary for protein
synthesis in particular during growth, as well as for neurotransmission. However, little is …

The full functionality of the brain is determined by its molecular, cellular and circuit structure.
Modern neuroscience now prioritizes the map** of whole brain connectomes by detecting …

Each student in an adaptive education system has significant differences in knowledge
background, ability level and cognitive style. Therefore, to build an adaptive teaching …

Animals form and update learned associations between otherwise neutral cues and
aversive outcomes to predict and avoid danger in changing environments. When a cue later …