BACKGROUND Earth system models (ESMs) simulate physical, chemical, and biological
processes that underlie climate and are the most complex in a hierarchy of models of Earth's …

Seaweed (macroalgae) has attracted attention globally given its potential for climate change
mitigation. A topical and contentious question is: Can seaweeds' contribution to climate …

The most recent IPCC assessment has shown an important role for negative emissions
technologies (NETs) in limiting global warming to 2 C cost-effectively. However, a bottom-up …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

The international scientific community is increasingly recognizing the role of natural systems
in climate‐change mitigation. While forests have historically been the primary focus of such …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate
destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem …

As the international community's best expression of a collective vision of a desirable future,
the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a framework against which to …

Our scientific understanding of climate change makes clear the necessity for both emission
reduction and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The ocean with its large surface area, great …

Large-scale and highly experimental interventions are being considered as strategies to
address climate change. These include carbon dioxide removal approaches that are …