Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors—
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive—for patient care …

Accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires careful attention to its differential diagnosis—
many disorders can mimic the clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings of this …

Importance Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is the main event responsible
for irreversible disability accumulation in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To …

Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous
system characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal/neuronal damage. The …

Background Treatment with natalizumab once every 4 weeks is approved for patients with
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but is associated with a risk of progressive multifocal …

Importance Multiple sclerosis (MS) misdiagnosis remains an important issue in clinical
practice. Objective To quantify the performance of cortical lesions (CLs) and central vein …

Objective A major challenge in multiple sclerosis (MS) research is the understanding of
silent progression and Progressive MS. Using a novel method to accurately capture upper …

There is no consensus regarding the classification of optic neuritis, and precise diagnostic
criteria are not available. This reality means that the diagnosis of disorders that have optic …

Background and Objectives The optic nerve is not one of the areas of the CNS that can be
used to demonstrate dissemination in space (DIS) within the 2017 McDonald criteria for the …

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are essential for diagnostic MRI examinations.
GBCA are only used in small quantities on a per-patient basis; however, the acquisition of …