We report here ecological and morphological characterization of the main Old World Equus
in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by comparing the studied fossil forms with the …

The occurrence of venom in mammals has long been considered of minor importance, but
recent fossil discoveries and advances in experimental techniques have cast new light into …

We undertake a comparative mammalian zoogeographic analysis with the aim of revealing
the extent to which the Dmanisi Early Pleistocene large mammal assemblage resembles, at …

There are many hypotheses regarding influences on the early hominin biogeographic
spread into Eurasia; among them is increased meat-eating. Dmanisi in Georgia is one of the …

Dmanisi is currently the oldest Early Palaeolithic site discovered out of Africa. It has
produced over 40 hominin remains, including a set of very informative skulls, in direct …

Although discontinuous because of their karst nature, the Almenara-Casablanca complex
records a very complete small vertebrate succession (amphibians, squamates, insectivores …

The fossil site of Dmanisi (southern Georgia) has yielded a significant amount of hominin
remains dated to around 1.8 Ma, in addition to a rich contemporaneous faunal record. Based …

Pigmented tooth enamel occurs in several vertebrate clades, ranging from mammals to fish.
Although an iron compound is associated with this orange to red colored pigmentation, its …

Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst
mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals …

The current paper first time describes a small Beremendia from the late Pleistocene deposits
in the Koridornaya Cave locality (Russian Far East), which associated with the extinct …