Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made an indelible mark in the field of cancer
immunotherapy. Starting with the approval of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein …

The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have already substantially improved
the outcomes of patients with many types of cancer, although only 20–40% of patients derive …

Abstract Context The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines panel on upper
urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has updated the guidelines to aid clinicians in …

Importance Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in women and is the fourth most
common malignancy in men. Bladder cancer ranges from unaggressive and usually …

Bladder cancer accounts for nearly 170,000 deaths worldwide annually. For over 4 decades,
the systemic management of muscle‐invasive and advanced bladder cancer has primarily …

Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are considered a new standard-of-care across many
cancer indications. This review provides an update on ICIs approved by the Food and Drug …

Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is frequently observed in human
cancers. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptor PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits anti-tumor …

Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer treatment during the past
few decades. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors, which target PD-1, PD-L1 and …