Many organisms, especially humans, are characterized by their capacity for intentional, goal-
directed actions. However, similar behaviours often proceed automatically, as habitual …

Advances in neurobiology permit neuroscientists to manipulate specific brain molecules,
neurons and systems. This has lead to major advances in the neuroscience of reward. Here …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Humans and animals are capable of evaluating actions by considering their long-run future
rewards through a process described using model-based reinforcement learning (RL) …

The hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) both have important roles in cognitive
processes such as learning, memory and decision making. Nevertheless, research on the …

An influential concept in contemporary computational neuroscience is the reward prediction
error hypothesis of phasic dopaminergic function. It maintains that midbrain dopaminergic …

In our target article, we proposed that addiction could be envisioned as misperformance of a
decision-making machinery described by two systems (deliberative and habit systems) …

Little is known about the neural mechanisms that allow humans and animals to plan actions
using knowledge of task contingencies. Emerging theories hypothesize that it involves the …

Planning can be defined as action selection that leverages an internal model of the
outcomes likely to follow each possible action. Its neural mechanisms remain poorly …

Numerous studies have implicated human and primate prefrontal cortex in the ability to hold
and manipulate goal or outcome-related information in working memory to guide the …