Antipredator strategies of the pupal stage in insects have received little attention in
comparison to larval or adult stages. This is despite the fact that predation risk can be high …

Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to
deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be …

Many chemically-defended/aposematic species rely on diet for sequestering the toxins with
which they defend themselves. This dietary acquisition can lead to variable chemical …

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐
dependent selection (+ FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism …

Many animals undergo complete metamorphosis, where larval forms change abruptly in
adulthood. Color change during ontogeny is common, but there is little understanding of …

Aposematic organisms warn predators of their unprofitability using a combination of
defenses, including visual warning signals, startling sounds, noxious odors, or aversive …

Allocation to different components of defence has been suggested as an explanation for the
existence of multiple aposematic morphs in a single population. We tested whether there are …

In some aposematic species the conspicuousness of an individual's warning signal and the
concentration of its chemical defense are positively correlated. Several mechanisms have …

Chemical defences often vary within and between populations both in quantity and quality,
which is puzzling if prey survival is dependent on the strength of the defence. We …

For animals that synthesise their chemical compounds de novo, resources, particularly
proteins, can influence investment in chemical defences and nitrogen-based wing …