Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

Abstract El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea surface temperature (SST) variability
increased after 1960, influenced by more frequent strong El Niño and La Niña events …

Abstract Most El Niño events occur sporadically and peak in a single winter,–, whereas La
Niña tends to develop after an El Niño and last for two years or longer,,–. Relative to single …

Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant and most consequential
climate variation on Earth, and is characterized by warming of equatorial Pacific sea surface …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Abstract The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main driver of interannual climate
extremes in Amazonia and other tropical regions. The current 2015/2016 EN event was …

Abstract The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant climate phenomenon
affecting extreme weather conditions worldwide. Its response to greenhouse warming has …

Abstract El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) features strong warm events in the eastern
equatorial Pacific (EP), or mild warm and strong cold events in the central Pacific (CP), with …