The daily removal of billions of apoptotic cells in the human body via the process of
efferocytosis is essential for homeostasis. To allow for this continuous efferocytosis, rapid …

Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the
haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages …

Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each
induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian …

The many functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and microvesicles
released from healthy cells have been well characterized, particularly in relation to their …

In addition to physical barriers, neutrophils are considered a part of the first line of immune
defense. They can be found in the bloodstream, with a lifespan of 6–8 h, and in tissue …

Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the
display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of …

Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mϕ) are key components of the innate immune system
and are involved in regulation of the initiation, development, and resolution of many …

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death modality. It serves
important roles in physiology by sculpting complex tissues during embryogenesis and by …

Background Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous
autoimmune disease. A variety of immunological defects contribute to SLE, including …