Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged over the past four decades as a cost-effective, on-
demand modality for fabrication of geometrically complex objects. The ability to design and …

Connective tissue is one of the four major types of animal tissue and plays essential roles
throughout the human body. Genetic factors, aging, and trauma all contribute to connective …

The skin is a multilayered organ, equipped with appendages (that is, follicles and glands),
that is critical for regulating body temperature and the retention of bodily fluids, guarding …

Human skin constructs (HSCs) have the potential to provide an effective therapy for patients
with significant skin injuries and to enable human-relevant drug screening for skin diseases; …

Much effort has been made to generate human skin organ in the laboratory. Yet, the current
models are limited due to the lack of many critical biological and structural features of the …

Tissue folds are structural motifs critical to organ function. In the intestine, bending of a flat
epithelium into a periodic pattern of folds gives rise to villi, finger-like protrusions that enable …

Tissue damage and functional abnormalities in organs have become a considerable clinical
challenge. Organoids are often applied as disease models and in drug discovery and …

Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) holds potential for regenerative medicine. However, the
widely-used bioinks of EBB exhibit some limitations for skin regeneration, such as …

The teeth are vertebrate-specific, highly specialized organs performing fundamental
functions of mastication and speech, the maintenance of which is crucial for orofacial …

During embryonic development, reciprocal interactions between epidermal and
mesenchymal layers trigger hair follicle morphogenesis. This study revealed that …