The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and
the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely accepted as being critical for neural and
synaptic plasticity throughout the nervous system. Recent work has shown that BDNF in the …

Drug addiction is a multifactorial disorder resulting from the complex interaction between
biological, environmental and drug-induced effects. Generally, stress is a well-known risk …

The human brain functions as a highly integrated system. Interconnected cellular and
molecular networks within this system process sensory information, cognitive functions, and …

Prenatal stress (PS) results from a maternal experience of stressful events during
pregnancy, which has been associated with an increased risk of behavioral disorders …

Cocaine use disorders are strongly influenced by the social conditions prior, during, and
after exposure to cocaine. In this chapter, we discuss how social factors such as early life …

Addiction is defined as the repeated exposure and compulsive seek of psychotropic drugs
that, despite the harmful effects, generate relapse after the abstinence period. The …

Phasic dopamine (DA) release from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) into forebrain
structures is implicated in associative learning and conditional stimulus (CS)‐evoked …

Although epidemiological research has shown an increase in drinking following stressors
and trauma, limited paradigms have been validated to study the relationship between stress …

Why can two people use a drug and one person becomes addicted while the other does
not? Determinants of Addiction: Neurobiological, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural …