Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects a wide range of animals and causes zoonotic
infections in humans. Although it normally only results in mild illness in healthy individuals …

Autophagy is well equipped functionally to isolate microbial pathogens in autophagosomes
and to carry out their clearance by dismemberment in the course of catabolic processes in …

The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

Across all branches of the immune system, the process of autophagy is fundamentally
important in cellular development, function and homeostasis. Strikingly, this evolutionarily …

Pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMP s) are derived from
microorganisms and recognized by pattern recognition receptor (PRR)‐bearing cells of the …

Early electron microscopy studies revealed the elaborate cellular features that define the
unique adaptations of apicomplexan parasites. Among these were bulbous rhoptry (ROP) …

Abstract Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), or'self-eating', is a conserved cellular
pathway that controls protein and organelle degradation, and has essential roles in survival …

Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of animals and humans and can cause serious
opportunistic infections. However, the majority of infections are asymptomatic, possibly …

Components of the innate immune response, including neutrophils and macrophages, are
the first line of defense against infections. Their role is to initiate an inflammatory response …

Toxoplasmosis is the clinical and pathological consequence of acute infection with the
obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms result from …