Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Attempting recall of information from memory, as occurs when taking a practice test, is one of
the most potent training techniques known to learning science. However, does testing yield …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

How do we go about learning new information? This article reviews the importance of
practicing retrieval of newly experienced information if one wants to be able to retrieve it …

We examined the effects of retrieval practice for students who varied in working memory
capacity as a function of the lag between study of material and its initial test, whether or not …

The literature on individual differences in long-term memory (LTM) is organized and
reviewed. This includes an extensive review of the factor structure of LTM abilities as well as …

The testing effect, defined as the positive effect of retrieval practice (ie, self-testing) on long-
term memory retention relative to other ways to support learning, is a robust empirical …

A new theoretical framework for the testing effect—the finding that retrieval practice is
usually more effective for learning than are other strategies—is proposed, the empirically …

Retrieval practice typically benefits later memory more than restudy (ie, the testing effect).
The benefits of retrieval-based learning generalize across a range of materials and contexts …

The interleaving effect refers to the finding that repeatedly switching between categories
during study or practice enhances learning relative to focusing on only one category at a …