Over the past two decades, the development of hydrogels with high mechanical strength and
toughness shows both fundamental and practical significances. It is challenging yet highly …

Cellular microstructures form naturally in many living organisms (eg, flowers and leaves) to
provide vital functions in synthesis, transport of nutrients, and regulation of growth. Although …

Processing tough hydrogels into sophisticated architectures is crucial for their applications
as structural elements. However, Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing of tough hydrogels …

In living organisms, diffusing chemicals react with soft tissue to actuate a range of
mechanical actions, such as periodic pulsations or net motion. Inspired by this biological …

Shape transformations of active composites (ACs) depend on the spatial distribution of
constituent materials. Voxel-level complex material distributions can be encoded by 3D …

Environmentally adaptive hydrogels that are capable of reconfiguration in response to
external stimuli have shown great potential toward bioinspired actuation and soft robotics …

On a flat map of the Earth, continents are inevitably distorted. Reciprocally, curving a plate
simultaneously in two directions requires a modification of in-plane distances, as Gauss …

Morphogenesis is one of the most marvelous natural phenomena. The morphological
characteristics of biological organs develop through growth, which is often triggered by …

Biocompatible and morphable hydrogels capable of multimode reprogrammable, and
adaptive shape changes are potentially useful for diverse biomedical applications. However …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is regarded as a methodology that links 3D printing
to time, which is characterized by the evolution of predetermined structures or functions for …