Despite advances in uncovering the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and
neurodegenerative disease, therapies that prevent neuronal loss remain elusive. Targeting …

Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis
and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the …

Contemporary studies have completely changed the view of brain immunity from envisioning
the brain as isolated and inaccessible to peripheral immune cells to an organ in close …

Astrocytes undergo an inflammatory transition after infections, acute injuries and chronic
neurodegenerative diseases. How this transition is affected by time and sex, its …

There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

The role traditionally assigned to astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS)
lesions has been the formation of the glial scar once inflammation has subsided. Astrocytes …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease, although it has been
suggested that in the progressive late phase, inflammatory lesion activity declines. We …

Neuroinflammation is the coordinated response of the central nervous system (CNS) to
threats to its integrity posed by a variety of conditions, including autoimmunity, pathogens …

Astrocytes play a key role in maintenance of neuronal functions in the central nervous
system by producing various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which act as a …

CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor that is highly expressed on effector T cells and plays an
important role in T cell trafficking and function. CXCR3 is rapidly induced on naïve cells …