The study of sexual dimorphism in human crania has important applications in the fields of
human evolution and human osteology. Current, the identification of sex from cranial …

Three-dimensional (3D) photography is becoming more common in craniosynostosis
practice and may be used for research, archiving, and as a planning tool. In this article, an …

Abstract Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development
(change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it …

Facial approximation (FA) provides a promising means of generating the possible facial
appearance of a deceased person. It facilitates exploration of the evolutionary forces driving …

Simple Summary Landmarks are commonly used to investigate how objects vary in form.
However, many objects present few identifiable landmarks. To remedy this, several …

Age estimation is crucial in legal and humanitarian contexts. Forensic professionals may use
various procedures to estimate age, including dental analysis, bone density tests, evaluation …

Simple Summary This study extends previous work that examined the consequences of
using different approaches to locating densely matched points (semilandmarks) over …

Background: The characterization of facial sexual dimorphic patterns in healthy populations
serves as valuable normative data to tailor functionally effective surgical treatments and …

Developmental changes of facial shape are commonly investigated through geometric
morphometrics. A limitation with this approach is the inability to investigate patterns of …

Current studies on facial growth and development have been largely based on European
populations. Less studied are African populations, who because of their distinct genetic …