All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The diverse aquaculture sector makes important contributions toward achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)/Agenda 2030, and can increasingly do so in the …

Coastal zones, the world's most densely populated regions, are increasingly threatened by
climate change stressors—rising and warming seas, intensifying storms and droughts, and …

Historical ecology has revolutionized our understanding of fisheries and cultural
landscapes, demonstrating the value of historical data for evaluating the past, present, and …

There have been increasing attempts to reverse habitat degradation through active
restoration, but few large-scale successes are reported to guide these efforts. Here, we …

Climate change is increasing the threat of erosion and flooding along coastlines globally.
Engineering solutions (eg seawalls and breakwaters) in response to protecting coastal …

Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here
we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from …

Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. Freshwater
mussels perform many important functions in aquatic ecosystems, which can in turn be …