The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

When it comes to the investigation of key ecosystems in the world, we often omit salt from the
ecological recipe. In fact, despite occupying almost half of the volume of inland waters and …

Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes
during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and≥ 5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and …

We describe the history and features of the Ladder of Life Detection, a tool intended to guide
the design of investigations to detect microbial life within the practical constraints of robotic …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

Abstract The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets cover~\n10% of global land surface, but
are rarely considered as active components of the global iron cycle. The ocean waters …

The occurrence of groundwater in Antarctica, particularly in the ice-free regions and along
the coastal margins is poorly understood. Here we use an airborne transient …

The Earth's biosphere is dominated by cold environments, and the cold biosphere is
dominated by microorganisms. Microorganisms in cold Southern Ocean waters are …

Neoproterozoic iron formation (NIF) provides evidence for the widespread return of anoxic
and ferruginous basins during a time period associated with major changes in climate …

Moreover, the shared sensitivity of glacial and glacier-affected biodiversity to climate
warming, as well as the interactions between glacial and glacier-adjacent ecosystems …