Conservation physiology proposes that measures of physiological stress (glucocorticoid
levels) can be used to assess the status and future fate of natural populations. Increases in …

The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different
approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex …

When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

In this perspective paper, we emphasize the importance that integrative mechanisms, and
especially the GC (glucocorticoid) stress response, can play in the ability of vertebrates to …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

Behavior of wild vertebrate individuals can vary in response to environmental or social
factors. Such within-individual behavioral variation is often mediated by hormonal …

Biomedical researchers have long appreciated that maternal stressors can induce
preparative and adaptive programming in offspring via exposure to maternal Glucocorticoids …

Glucocorticoids are highly conserved hormones that mediate a suite of responses to
changing conditions in vertebrates. Recent work has focused on understanding how …

Consistent individual differences in hormone levels and metabolic rates have been
proposed to be potential state variables underlying consistent individual differences in …