The theory of evolution links random variation and selection to incremental adaptation. In a
different intellectual domain, learning theory links incremental adaptation (eg, from positive …

Cooperation exists across all scales of biological organization, from genetic elements to
complex human societies. Bacteria cooperate by secreting molecules that benefit all …

The question of whether AI systems such as robots can or should be afforded moral agency
or patiency is not one amenable either to discovery or simple reasoning, because we as …

Evolutionary game theory and the adaptive dynamics approach have made invaluable
contributions to understanding how gradual evolution leads to adaptation when individuals …

Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory Explore the fundamentals of the
biological implications of population genetic theory In the newly revised Second Edition of …

counting particular units, and not counting others, allows them to generate explanatory and
predictive descriptions of evolutionary processes. Yet they lack a unified theory telling them …

For millennia people have wondered what makes the living different from the non-living.
Beginning in the mid-1980s, artificial life has studied living systems using a synthetic …

Biology is marked by a hierarchical organization: all life consists of cells; in some cases,
these cells assemble into groups, such as endosymbionts or multicellular organisms; in turn …

The extreme diversity of dispersal strategies in ants is unique among terrestrial animals. The
nature of ant colonies as social, perennial and sessile superorganisms is the basis for …

Dispersal determines gene flow among groups in a population and so plays a major role in
many ecological and evolutionary processes. As gene flow shapes kin structure, dispersal is …