More than a century ago, it was proposed that mechanical forces could drive tissue
formation. However, only recently with the advent of enabling biophysical and molecular …

High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is now materialized. It allows direct
visualization of dynamic structural changes and dynamic processes of functioning biological …

In the history of science and technology, researchers have always undertaken endeavors to
enhance the degree of “directness of measurement”. With “directness of measurement”, we …

In addition to biochemical signals and genetic considerations, mechanical forces are rapidly
emerging as a master regulator of human physiology. However, the molecular mechanisms …

Many biologically important macromolecules undergo motions that are essential to their
function. Biophysical techniques can now resolve the motions of single molecules down to …

All cells employ ATP-powered proteases for protein-quality control and regulation. In the
ClpXP protease, ClpX is a AAA+ machine that recognizes specific protein substrates …

Folding may be described conceptually in terms of trajectories over a landscape of free
energies corresponding to different molecular configurations. In practice, energy landscapes …

The prolific use of green fluorescent protein and its variants throughout cellular biology
relies on the post-translational formation of the chromophore, which proceeds without the …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are initiated by
attachment of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the viral Spike protein to angiotensin …

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensor modules (TSMs) are
available for investigating how distinct proteins bear mechanical forces in cells. Yet, forces in …