Larvae of some insect species (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) can consume and biodegrade
synthetic polymers, including polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and …

Leishmaniasis, presenting the highest number of cases worldwide is one of the most serious
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Clinical manifestations are intrinsically related to the …

In the theory of ageing, it has been assumed that ageing is associated with a decline in
somatic defences, including the immune system, as a consequence of a trade-off with …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms,
not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in …

The resources available to an individual in any given environment are finite, and variation in
life history traits reflect differential allocation of these resources to competing life functions …

Hormones are key factors in determining the response of organisms to their environment.
For example, the juvenile hormone (JH) coordinates the insects' development, reproduction …

Significant between-individual variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) of animals is a
widespread phenomenon that may have important implications for our understanding of …

Nitric oxide (NO) at a high concentration is an effector to kill pathogens during insect
immune responses, it also functions as a second messenger at a low concentration to …

The terminal investment, reproductive restraint or senescence theories may explain
individual late‐life patterns of reproduction. The terminal investment hypothesis predicts that …

Host immune activation is common under a pathogen invasion. This physiological response
can promote changes in the body surface compounds, thus providing chemical cues related …