Using Pacific benthic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca records, we derive a Cenozoic (66 Ma)
global mean sea level (GMSL) estimate that records evolution from an ice-free Early Eocene …

We show that robust regressions can be established between relative sea-level (RSL) data
and benthic foraminifera oxygen isotopic ratios from the North Atlantic and Equatorial Pacific …

The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time
that Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean …

Abrupt changes in climate have occurred in many locations around the globe over the last
glacial cycle, with pronounced temperature swings on timescales of decades or less in the …

Oxygen and carbon isotopic data were produced on the benthic foraminiferal taxa
Cibicidoides and Planulina from 25 new piston cores, gravity cores, and multicores from the …

We reconstruct trends in ice volume and deep ocean temperature for the past 108 Myr,
resolving variations on timescales of∼ 2 Myr and longer. We use a sea level record as a …

Characterizing past climate states is crucial for understanding the future consequences of
ongoing greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we revisit the benchmark time series for deep …

The circulation of the deep Atlantic Ocean during the height of the last ice age appears to
have been quite different from today. We review observations implying that Atlantic …

The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene involve changes in the circulation of the deep ocean in
important ways. This review seeks to establish what were the robust patterns of deep‐sea …

The geochemistry of marine sediments is a major source of information about the past
environment. Of the many measurements that provide such information, those of the U …