Bone is a richly vascularized connective tissue. As the main source of oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors delivered to the bone cells, vasculature is …

In postmenopausal women and elderly men, bone density decreases with age and vascular
calcification is aggravated. This condition is closely associated with vitamin K2 deficiency. A …

Fractures heal predominantly through the process of endochondral ossification. The classic
model of endochondral ossification holds that chondrocytes mature to hypertrophy, undergo …

The bone marrow in the skull is important for sha** immune responses in the brain and
meninges, but its molecular makeup among bones and relevance in human diseases …

Blood vessels are essential for the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells, as
well as the removal of waste products. In addition to this conventional role as a versatile …

Background Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are important for bone fracture healing. Irisin is
a muscle-derived monokine that is associated with bone formation. Methods To demonstrate …

During bone development, homeostasis and repair, a dense vascular system provides
oxygen and nutrients to highly anabolic skeletal cells. Characteristic for the vascular system …

Recent advances in our understanding of blood vessels and vascular niches in bone convey
their critical importance in regulating bone development and physiology. The contribution of …

Although antimicrobial titanium implants can prevent biomaterial-associated infection (BAI)
in orthopedics, they display cytotoxicity and delayed osseointegration. Therefore, versatile …

The main component of blood and lymphatic vessels is the endothelium covering their
luminal surface. It plays a significant role in many cardiovascular diseases. Tremendous …