Ageing is associated with profound changes in behaviour that could influence exposure and
susceptibility to infectious disease. As well as determining emergent patterns of infection …

We explore how integrating behavioural ecology and macroecology can provide
fundamental new insight into both fields, with particular relevance for understanding …

What do we know about sickness behavior? In this article, I guide you through some of the
complexity of sickness behavior occurring after an immune challenge. I highlight the many …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

Injuries of various types occur commonly in the lives of humans and other animals and lead
to a pattern of persistent pain and recuperative behaviour that allows safe and effective …

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease
transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking …

Fever confers significant survival benefits on endotherms by optimizing both innate and
adaptive immunity. Ectotherms achieve thermoregulation using behavioral strategies, but …

Researchers studying animal phenotypes often overlook the potential influence of parasites
hiding inside their study organisms. Yet, most wild animals host parasites, which can alter …

Immunocompetence and reproduction are among the most important determinants of fitness.
However, energetic and metabolic constraints create conflict between these two life-history …

Relationships between parasites, host physiology, and behaviours are complex. Parasites
can influence host hormonal microenvironment and behaviour through “sickness …