This report provides estimates of operational water withdrawal and water consumption
factors for electricity generating technologies in the United States. Estimates of water factors …

A major part of renewable electricity production is characterized by a large degree of
intermittency driven by the natural variability of climate factors such as air temperature, wind …

The growing carbon footprint of artificial intelligence (AI) models, especially large ones such
as GPT-3, has been undergoing public scrutiny. Unfortunately, however, the equally …

This paper describes GCAM v5. 1, an open source model that represents the linkages
between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM is a market equilibrium …

Hydropower and thermoelectric power together contribute 98% of the world's electricity
generation at present. These power-generating technologies both strongly depend on water …

Much of the world's data are stored, managed, and distributed by data centers. Data centers
require a tremendous amount of energy to operate, accounting for around 1.8% of electricity …

Climate change will affect hydrologic and thermal regimes of rivers, having a direct impact
on freshwater ecosystems and human water use. Here we assess the impact of climate …

More than one billion people are still living without access to electricity today. More than half
of them are living in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a noticeable shortage of energy related …

Energy and water are essential, inseparable, and inextricably linked resources that are
recognized as indispensable inputs to modern economic and national security …

Producing energy resources requires significant quantities of fresh water. As an energy
sector changes or expands, the mix of technologies deployed to produce fuels and electricity …