A celebrated and controversial hypothesis suggests that some biological systems—parts,
aspects, or groups of them—may extract important functional benefits from operating at the …

The fundamental roles that peptides and proteins play in today's biology makes it almost
indisputable that peptides were key players in the origin of life. Insofar as it is appropriate to …

Stuart Kauffman here presents a brilliant new paradigm for evolutionary biology, one that
extends the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution to accommodate recent findings and …

At a time of unprecedented expansion in the life sciences, evolution is the one theory that
transcends all of biology. Any observation of a living system must ultimately be interpreted in …

A novel application of dynamic programming to the folding problem for RNA enables one to
calculate the full equilibrium partition function for secondary structure and the probabilities of …

A method is described that provides for detection and identification of single molecules in
solution. The method is based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, which records …

RNA folding is viewed here as a map assigning secondary structures to sequences. At fixed
chain length the number of sequences far exceeds the number of structures. Frequencies of …

The species problem has triggered the publication of an almost infinite number of theoretical
and practical studies, including quite a number of books. I should, therefore, perhaps briefly …

Abstract This chapter describes Grammatical Evolution (GE) in detail (Ryan et al., 1998;
O'Neill and Ryan, 2001; O'Neill, 2001). We show that it is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that …

Darwinian evolution favours genotypes with high replication rates, a process called 'survival
of the fittest'. However, knowing the replication rate of each individual genotype may not …