Abstract The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good
description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a …

A number of challenges to the standard Λ CDM model have been emerging during the past
few years as the accuracy of cosmological observations improves. In this review we discuss …

The cosmological principle (CP)—the notion that the Universe is spatially isotropic and
homogeneous on large scales—underlies a century of progress in cosmology. It is …

We report on the implications for cosmic inflation of the 2018 release of the Planck cosmic
microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements. The results are fully consistent …

The European Space Agency's Planck satellite, which is dedicated to studying the early
Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched on 14 May 2009. It scanned the …

Despite its continued observational successes, there is a persistent (and growing) interest in
extending cosmology beyond the standard model, Λ CDM. This is motivated by a range of …

The isotropy of the late Universe and consequently of the X-ray galaxy cluster scaling
relations is an assumption greatly used in astronomy. However, within the last decade, many …

The European Space Agency's Planck satellite, dedicated to studying the early Universe
and its subsequent evolution, was launched 14 May 2009 and has been scanning the …

Abstract Euclid is a European Space Agency medium-class mission selected for launch in
2020 within the cosmic vision 2015–2025 program. The main goal of Euclid is to understand …

Several unexpected features have been observed in the microwave sky at large angular
scales, both by WMAP and by Planck. Among those features is a lack of both variance and …