The brain is not only immunologically active of its own accord, but also has complex
peripheral immune interactions. Given the central role of cytokines in …

There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases
affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are …

Activation of the immune system produces psychological and physiological effects, which
resemble the characteristics of depression. The present study was designed to investigate …

Background: Recently, it has been reported that serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), but not soluble
IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), concentrations were significantly higher in patients with posttraumatic …

Various medical conditions that involve activation of the immune system are associated with
psychological and neuroendocrine changes that resemble the characteristics of depression …

Proinflammatory cytokines, produced by the activated immune system, induce a whole set of
non-specific symptoms in the infected individual (ie hypophagia, adipsia, reduced social …

In a 1988 paper titled ''Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals''Benjamin Hart
reviewed the changes in behavior observed in organisms experiencing immune system …

Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are monogamous rodents that form pair bonds
characterized by a preference for a familiar social partner. In male prairie voles, exposure to …

Males generally exhibit reduced immune responses as well as increased intensity and
prevalence of infections compared to female conspecifics. Physiologically, these sex …

Vertebrate sickness behaviors, which include lethargy, anorexia, and decreased libido, can
facilitate defense against pathogens by conserving energy for use in other immune …