Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This
understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line …

Observed Arctic sea ice losses are a sentinel of anthropogenic climate change. These
reductions are projected to continue with ongoing warming, ultimately leading to an ice-free …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

The sixth assessment report of the IPCC assessed that the Arctic is projected to be on
average practically ice-free in September near mid-century under intermediate and high …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

While the annual mean Arctic Amplification (AA) index varied between two and three during
the 1970–2000 period, it reached values exceeding four during the first two decades of the …

Arctic Amplification is robustly seen in climate model simulations of future warming and in
the paleoclimate record. Here, we focus on the past century of observations. We show that …

Abstract We describe the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's CM4. 0 physical climate
model, with emphasis on those aspects that may be of particular importance to users of this …

Sea ice is an essential component of the Arctic climate system. The Arctic sea ice cover has
undergone substantial changes in the past 40+ years, including decline in areal extent in all …