The growth and yield of mixed-species stands has become an important topic of research
since there are certain advantages of this type of forest as regards functions and services …

Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors
globally; these have reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular …

Reducing trade-offs among ecosystem services (ES) from urban and peri‑urban forests
(UPF) is crucial for human wellbeing. We performed spatial analyses and quantified the …

Over the past centuries in Western Europe, the long history of forest management has
shaped both landscape-and local-scale forest structures. In France, a network of strict forest …

A primary prerequisite for the preservation of global diversity is often assumed to be a high
level of naturalness. This paper reports a synthesis of naturalness definitions, distinctions …

Mixed forests play a key role in terms of stability, production potential and adaptation to
climate change. Norway spruce [PA, Picea abies (L.) Karst] and European beech (FS, Fagus …

The study presents an analysis of the diameter distributions of nine virgin beech forests
(Fagus sylvatica) in south-eastern Europe. Data were collected from published and …

We surveyed the soil-dwelling spider communities of four stand types of forests (pure stands:
spruce, Douglas fir; mixed stands: beech-spruce, oak-beech) along a successional gradient …

The Carpathian mountains harbour the largest areas of virgin European beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.) forest. Understanding the growth dynamics of European beech under natural …

The accumulation of dead wood and its characteristics are analysed in forests that have
been withdrawn from regular silvicultural management and left unmanaged between 10 and …