Cell death supports morphogenesis during development and homeostasis after birth by
removing damaged or obsolete cells. It also curtails the spread of pathogens by eliminating …

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both highly inflammatory diseases of
the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although …

Cellular therapies using regulatory T (Treg) cells are currently undergoing clinical trials for
the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. In …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) are
defined by their exclusive activation by MAPKs. They can be activated by classical and …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic
changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) result in diarrhea and abdominal pain with further
potential complications such as tissue fibrosis and stenosis. Animal models help in …

SUMMARY 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are best
known to regulate mRNA-based processes, such as mRNA localization, mRNA stability, and …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF; TNFα) is a critical regulator of immune responses in
healthy organisms and in disease. TNF is involved in the development and proper …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor
1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 …