In North America and Western Europe, women now compose almost half the workforce but
still face disparities in pay and promotions. We suggest that women's natural experiences of …

The female sex hormone estrogen has been ascribed potent neuroprotective properties. It
signals by binding and activating estrogen receptors that, depending on receptor subtype …

Pregnancy involves radical hormone surges and biological adaptations. However, the
effects of pregnancy on the human brain are virtually unknown. Here we show, using a …

Importance Millions of women worldwide use hormonal contraception. Despite the clinical
evidence of an influence of hormonal contraception on some women's mood, associations …

Estradiol is the “prototypic” sex hormone of women. Yet, women have another sex hormone,
which is often disregarded: Progesterone. The goal of this article is to provide a …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

Increasing evidence indicates that ovarian hormones affect brain structure, chemistry and
function of women in their reproductive age, potentially sha** their behavior and mental …

Traditionally sex hormones have been associated with reproductive and developmental
processes only. Since the 1950s we know that hormones can have organizational effects on …

The menstrual cycle has attracted research interest ever since the 1930s. For many
researchers the menstrual cycle is an excellent model of ovarian steroid influence on …

Why do only some individuals develop pathological anxiety following adverse events? Fear
acquisition, extinction and return of fear paradigms serve as experimental learning models …