In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems are transient but essential molecules
that are generated and eliminated by a complex set of delicately balanced molecular …

Eukaryotic cells have developed complex systems to regulate the production and response
to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different ROS control diverse aspects of cell behaviour …

Anticancer agents continue to dominate the list of newly approved drugs, approximately half
of which are immunotherapies. This trend illustrates the considerable promise of cancer …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenic population of immature
myeloid cells with immunosuppressive effects, which undergo massive expansion during …

Glioblastoma (GBM), the predominant and primary malignant intracranial tumor, poses a
formidable challenge due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby confounding …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the main tumor-infiltrating immune
cell types and are generally categorized into either of two functionally contrasting subtypes …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer
progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in …

Contingent upon concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence cancer evolution
in apparently contradictory ways, either initiating/stimulating tumorigenesis and supporting …

Chemotherapy is a well-known and effective treatment for different cancers; unfortunately, it
has not been as efficient in the eradication of all cancer cells as been expected. The …