The Andes are the world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing a complex array
of ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. We provide a synthesis of Andean …

This review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on
when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation …

We provide a general compilation of the diversity and geographical distribution of
Amazonian fishes, updated to the end of 2018. Our database includes documented …

The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America are the most diverse on Earth, with
current species richness estimates standing above 9100 species. In addition, over the last …

A phylogenetic analysis of sequences from 503 species of hylid frogs and four outgroup taxa
resulted in 16,128 aligned sites of 19 genes. The molecular data were subjected to a …

Integration of regional stratigraphic relationships with data on sediment accumulation,
provenance, paleodrainage, and deformation timing enables a reconstruction of Mesozoic …

Mountain building in the Andes, the longest continental mountain range on Earth, started in
the Late Cretaceous but was highly diachronous. Reconstructing the timing of surface uplift …

We present an integrative model predicting associations among epiphytism, the tank habit,
entangling seeds, C 3 vs. CAM photosynthesis, avian pollinators, life in fertile, moist …

Abstract The Neotropical region (tropical America) is the most species rich region on Earth.
Several causes have been proposed to explain this extraordinary biodiversity, which may be …

A latitudinal gradient in biodiversity has existed since before the time of the dinosaurs, yet
how and why this gradient arose remains unresolved. Here we review two major hypotheses …