Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that predominantly affects the
joints. The prevalence of RA varies globally, with generally a higher prevalence in …

Significant recent progress in understanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis has led
to improved treatment and quality of life. The introduction of targeted-biologic and-synthetic …

The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the
past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic …

Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at
multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells …

Oral bacteria directly affect the disease status of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The
dynamic oral microbiota cooperates with the host to reflect the information and status of …

The gut microbiome, ie, the community of bacteria and other microorganisms living in the
human gut, has been implicated both directly and indirectly (mediating the effects of diet) on …

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and
protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints.
Microbial infection is considered a crucial inducer of RA. Alterations in the composition of …

The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system
development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The …

The gut microbiota has a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Alterations
in the intestinal microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been recognized in …