Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many …

Bone is a dynamic organ maintained by tightly regulated mechanisms. With old age, bone
homeostasis, which is maintained by an intricate balance between bone formation and bone …

Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a
tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal …

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells in
the bone marrow (BM). Despite the significant advances in treatment, MM is still a fatal …

Proteasomes are large, multisubunit proteolytic complexes presenting multiple targets for
therapeutic intervention. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteolytic core and one or …

Wnt proteins are a family of secreted proteins that regulate many aspects of cell growth,
differentiation, function, and death. Considerable progress has been made in our …

Bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent metastatic sites of cancer. The
occurrence of bone metastasis is frequently associated with a dismal disease outcome. The …

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by complex heterogeneous
cytogenetic abnormalities. The bone marrow microenvironment promotes multiple myeloma …

F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a powerful tool to
investigate the role of tumor metabolic activity and its suppression by therapy for cancer …

Antiresorptive agents help to restore skeletal balance by reducing bone turnover, primarily at
the tissue level. Another therapeutic approach is to enhance bone formation with the use of …