Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

Acute-phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein have
traditionally been used as markers for inflammation and as a measure of “sickness index” in …

Used appropriately, biomarkers improve the assessment of respiratory tract infections and
sepsis. Most prominently, circulating procalcitonin levels increase by a factor of several tens …

Background Antibiotic overuse in respiratory illness is common and is associated with drug
resistance and hospital-acquired infection. Biomarkers that can identify bacterial infections …

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of C reactive protein in detecting
radiologically proved pneumonia and to evaluate how well it can discriminate between …

Introduction Pro-adrenomedullin (proADM) is helpful for individual risk assessment and
outcome prediction in sepsis. A major cause of sepsis is community-acquired pneumonia …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent member of the microbiota of the human
nasopharynx. Colonization of the nasopharyngeal tract is a first and necessary step in the …

Background Vasopressin has haemodynamic as well as osmoregulatory effects, and reflects
the individual stress response. Copeptin is cosynthesized with vasopressin, directly …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is among the most important public
health crises of our generation. Despite the promise of prevention offered by effective …

Objectives The pneumonia severity index and CURB-65 are risk assessment tools widely
used in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, limitations in these prognostic …