Interest in individual differences in animal behavioural plasticities has surged in recent
years, but research in this area has been hampered by semantic confusion as different …

Phenotypes vary hierarchically among taxa and populations, among genotypes within
populations, among individuals within genotypes, and also within individuals for repeatedly …

Growing interest in proximate and ultimate causes and consequences of between‐and
within‐individual variation in labile components of the phenotype–such as behaviour or …

Behavioural traits are characterized by their labile expression: behavioural responses can,
in principle, be up-and down-regulated in response to moment-to-moment changes in …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

Labile characters allow individuals to flexibly adjust their phenotype to changes in
environmental conditions. There is growing evidence that individuals can differ both in …

Explaining variation in life expectancy between individuals of the same age is fundamental
to our understanding of population ecology and life history evolution. Variation in the length …

Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the
regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary …

Biological data are often intrinsically hierarchical (eg, species from different genera, plants
within different mountain regions), which made mixed‐effects models a common analysis …